Well-established

	Age (increases over 45 and highest in 7th and 8th decades)
	Family history of stroke, CAD or PVD
	Hypertension
	Hypercholesterolemia (increased LDL, decreased HDL)
	Cigarette smoking
	Diabetes Mellitus
	Obesity
	Lack of exercise
	History of documented atherosclerosis (CAD, PVD, carotid bruit)
	History of Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

Probable

	Elevated Homocysteine
	Antiphospholipid antibodies
	Hypercoagulability

Oral contraceptive use / Hormone replacement therapy

Lupus

Genetic Coagulation Disorders - Deficiencies of:

Protein S

Protein C

Antithrombin III

Factor V Leiden

Cancer

RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKE

Well-established     

	Atrial Fibrillation
	Sick Sinus Syndrome
	Mitral or Aortic Valvular Disease
	Prosthetic heart valves
	Endocarditis
	Non-infective endocarditis (Libman Sacks)
	Cardiomyopathies
	Ventricular aneurysms
	Akinetic myocardial segments (secondary to myocardial infarction)

Probable
 

	Mitral Valve Prolapse
	Mitral Annulus Calcification
	Patent Foramen Ovale/Atrial Septal Defects