Major Modifiable
or Treatable Risk Factors:
·
Hypertension
·
Atrial fibrillation
·
Cigarette smoking
·
Diabetes mellitus
·
Hypercholesterolemia
·
Symptomatic carotid
stenosis
Other Risk Factors:
·
Asymptomatic carotid
stenosis
·
Prior TIA or stroke
·
Known atherosclerotic
disease: CAD, PVD
·
Obesity
·
Sedentary lifestyle
·
Family history of early
stroke or heart disease
·
Sleep apnea
·
Drug abuse (e.g., cocaine)
Epidemiological:
·
Age, increasing
·
Male > Female
·
Blacks > Asians > Whites
·
Geographic location
(Southeastern US)
Hypercoagulable states:
·
Lupus anticoagulant
·
Hereditary coagulation
disorders:
·
Protein C or S deficiency
·
Prothrombin gene mutation
·
Antithrombin III deficiency
·
Factor V Leiden gene
mutation
·
Malignancy
·
Antiphospholipid /
anticardiolipin antibodies
·
Essential thrombocytosis
·
Polycythemia vera
·
Sickle cell disease
·
Dysfibrinogenemias
·
Nephotic syndrome
·
Oral contraceptive use
·
Pregnancy
CARDIAC ETIOLOGIES:
FOR EMBOLIC ISCHEMIC
STROKE
Well-established:
·
Atrial fibrillation
·
Rheumatic heart disease
·
Cardiomyopathies
·
Sick sinus syndrome
·
Mitral or aortic valvular
disease
·
Prosthetic heart valves
·
Bacterial endocarditis
·
Non-infective endocarditis
·
Ventricular aneurysms
·
Akinetic myocardial segment
·
Patent foramen ovale with
an atrial septal aneurysm
Probable:
·
Mitral value prolapse
·
Mitral annular
calcification
·
Patent foramen ovale
